Understanding Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease(GERD)

Acne: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, Complications & Prevention  

All You Need To Know About Acne

What is Acne

Acne is a skin illness in which irritation of hair follicles and skin organs happens. Acne is the most widely recognized ailment. Everyone is experiencing various sorts of skin breaks out in various phases of their life. Acne is otherwise called acne vulgaris.

Acne vulgaris is a condition in which androgen-mediated excess sebum production leads to inflammatory changes and abnormal desquamation of keratinocytes lining the pilosebaceous units of the skin, plugging and distending the pores.

Vulgaris is most common as it recognizes various kinds of skin inflammation. Acne develops in the form of inflamed or non-inflamed lesions. It can likewise be available as both. The organ to a great extent influenced by skin break out is the face just like the neck and chest.

Propionibacterium acnes overgrowth also contributes to inflammation. Non-Inflamed clogged pores, or comedones, become pustules, papules, or nodules depending on the depth and extent of inflammation. Generally starting during puberty, skin breakout perseveres for quite a long time and can't be relieved, just controlled.

After a medication routine accomplishes control, therapy should proceed with a maintenance regimen, typically less serious, for months to years. Early, forceful treatment forestalls acne scars and psychosocial sequelae.

Acne happens as pimples, whiteheads, blackheads, and bumps. Convincing treatment of skin irritation is available notwithstanding recovery of skin inflammation scar is a period taking collaboration. We should be emotionally stable during this time.

Depending on the seriousness and manifestations of acne, compelling medicines are accessible. In any case, skin breaks out, and acne scars or acne patches impact us truly and mentally. It causes emotional trouble and diminishes our certainty or confidence.

We should not waste a moment about skin breaks out or acne and quickly look for medical attention. Skin is the greatest and most perceptible organ. We should be mindful of our skin and should consult with a skin specialist right away.

Initial treatment of moderate acne calls for a topical retinoid in combination with antibiotics. Topical or oral antibiotics are chosen based on the severity and distribution of lesions. Benzoyl peroxide may also be included to minimize the development of antibiotic resistance.

Antibiotic duration should be limited to the period needed to obtain control of acne; then the retinoid, with or without benzoyl peroxide, is continued as maintenance therapy.

Severe acne, or treatment-resistant moderate acne, warrants oral isotretinoin monotherapy. Extremely effective, isotretinoin can induce lengthy remission of acne, but its adverse effect profile and need for laboratory monitoring preclude its use in milder acne.

The iPLEDGE risk-management program controls isotretinoin distribution to prevent accidental prescription of this severe teratogen to pregnant women.

Types of Acne

The most common types of acne are listed below, 

1. Whitehead (Closed comedo)
2. Blackhead (Open comedo)
3. Nodules
4. Papules
5. Pustules
6. Cystic lesions

If you want to read about these types, click here Do You Know What Kind Of Pimples You Have ?

Causes of Acne

Acne is primarily an inherited disorder. Environmental factors play a secondary role in causing acne such as local cosmetic products and bacterial infections. Acne results when increased sebum production causes inflammatory changes in pilosebaceous follicles and changes in their bacterial colonization. Acne mostly occurs on your face, chest, shoulders, and forehead. 

There is a large number of oil glands (sebaceous) in these areas of your body. Acne occurs due to the overactivity of these oil glands. Androgens such as dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS). Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is produced by the metabolism of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS).

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) stimulates the biosynthesis of sebum. The level of DHEAS increases before puberty and then declines in early adolescence. Increased sebum production causes the dilution of linoleic acid. This will increase the production of interleukin 1-α.13,14 keratinocytes.

Keratinization of the follicular lining increases, which in turn increases cell-to-cell adhesion, interfering with normal desquamation. Cellular debris and sebum accumulate to plug sebaceous follicles and form clinically undetectable micro-comedones.

If the dilation of the outer part of the opening of hair follicles occurs, then it causes the formation of a blackhead or open comedo. The pores are open and dark in the blackhead. The dark color of the blackhead is because of the light refraction. There is no role of dirt in the dark coloration of blackheads.  Due to the exposure of the blackhead to air, its color changes to brown.

If the opening of hair follicles remains narrow and hair follicles are inflamed, then they produce a whitehead. Whitehead is also termed a closed comedo. In whiteheads, the pores of our skin are clogged.

When sebum production is increased, then it creates a lipid-rich micro-aerobic environment. This condition is favorable for the development of Propionibacterium acnes.

Another significant reason for skin breakouts is hormonal imbalance. During adolescence, the degree of androgens chemicals may increase in your body and incite skin inflammation. A few medications like steroids are the purpose for skin inflammation. Abstaining from excessive food intake can likewise deteriorate skin break-out manifestations. Stress assumes a crucial part in our skin breaking out. If we are experiencing skin inflammation, stress can demolish it to a higher level.

Symptoms of Acne

Acne can manifest with various symptoms, and its severity can range from mild to severe. Common symptoms of acne include:

• Blackheads (Open Comedones): Small, dark, or black spots on the skin's surface.
• Whiteheads (Closed Comedones): Small, raised bumps with a white or flesh-colored top.
• Papules: Tiny, tender-to-the-touch bumps on the skin that are red or pink.
• Pustules: Pimples with a white or yellow center surrounded by red, inflamed skin.
• Nodules: Large, solid, and painful pimples that form deep within the skin.
• Cysts: Large, pus-filled lesions that are often painful and can lead to scarring.
• Oily Skin: Excessively oily or greasy skin, often accompanied by enlarged pores.
• Redness and Inflammation: The afflicted region, particularly the area around active lesions, may seem red and inflamed.
• Scarring: Severe acne instances or poorly controlled acne can result in hyperpigmentation or permanent scars.
• Tenderness: Acne lesions can be painful or tender, particularly when they are inflamed or deep.

Diagnosis of Acne

Most of the time, a healthcare professional, frequently a dermatologist, will diagnose acne based only on a visual inspection. The medical professional will evaluate the kind and severity of the skin lesions caused by acne. They could also ask you about your medical history, including any acne-related family history and past skincare regimens you've tried. To rule out underlying medical disorders that can cause acne, they may perform further testing. While the diagnosis is typically simple, a healthcare professional's knowledge can aid choose the best course of action for your particular acne condition and requirements.

Treatment Of Acne

There is no effective treatment available for acne or skin break-out, yet treatment can diminish its seriousness and limit scarring. By and large, particularly in extreme structures, treatment is individualized, contingent upon the specific clinical presentation of the patient.

The objectives of treatment are to relieve inconvenience, further develop skin appearance, and forestall scarring. The treatment plan for acne depends upon the etiology and severity of your acne condition. Symptomatic treatments are recommended in some cases.

Treatment is generally preventive since little should be possible for existing injuries. Moderate improvement throughout weeks to months is the standard for all treatments.

Patients ought to be advised on the fundamental pathophysiology of skin inflammation, legitimate medication organization or application method, delay at the beginning of helpful impact, expected unfriendly impacts, and steps to take if antagonistic impacts happen.

The pharmacological treatment of acne will normalize follicular keratinization, decrease skin inflammation, suppress Propionibacterium acnes, and decrease sebum production.

Skin inflammation is reduced by using antibiotics and retinoids. For normalizing follicular keratinization, retinoids, benzoyl peroxide, and azelaic acid are prescribed. Isotretinoin and hormonal therapies are used for decreasing the production of sebum. Antibiotics, benzoyl peroxide, azelaic acid, and systemic isotretinoin are recommended for suppressing Propionibacterium acnes.

Topical therapy is generally used for the treatment of mild to moderate acne. Retinoid as monotherapy is recommended for the treatment of mild acne. A complete course of topical antibiotics is prescribed for the treatment of moderate acne if the causative agent is bacteria. 

Topical antibiotics also have anti-inflammatory properties. Topical antibiotics include clindamycin, erythromycin, minocycline, dapsone, and benzoyl peroxide. Doctors can also prescribe oral antibiotics like trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, and azithromycin.

Treatments are applied to the entire acne-prone area, not just to the existing lesions, as the available therapies are more effective at preventing future lesions than resolving existing lesions.

With topical therapy, the choice of vehicle is as important to treatment success as the choice of drug. Acne gels and acne solutions are highly drying and suitable for oily skin, whereas less-drying acne creams and moderately drying acne lotions are more suitable for dry or sensitive skin. Acne ointments are generally too comedogenic owing to their occlusive effects to be useful in acne. Your doctor can also prescribe acne face wash depending on the severity of your condition.

Combination therapy is used for the treatment of severe acne. The combination therapy may include a topical retinoid plus a systemic antibiotic.

In the case of hormonal disturbances, there are different hormonal therapies. Estrogen is an effective medicine and decreases the production of sebum. Likewise, oral contraceptives are an option for female patients who are not pregnant and not planning to conceive.

Complications of Acne

Most of the time, acne is a common and easily treatable skin problem, but when ignored or not appropriately managed, it can occasionally cause difficulties. The following are a few possible acne complications:

• Scarring: One of the most common complications is the development of permanent scars, which can be disfiguring and affect self-esteem. This scarring can be either depressed (atrophic) or raised (hypertrophic).
• Hyperpigmentation: After acne lesions heal, they can leave behind darkened or discolored areas on the skin known as post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH).
• Psychological and Emotional Impact: Acne can have a significant impact on self-esteem, body image, and mental health, potentially leading to anxiety, depression, or social withdrawal.
• Cyst Formation: Severe or untreated acne can result in the formation of painful, deep-seated cysts that may require medical intervention for drainage and treatment.
• Secondary Infections: Picking or squeezing acne lesions can introduce bacteria into the skin, leading to secondary infections that may require antibiotics.
• Permanent Changes in Skin Texture: Prolonged or severe acne can lead to changes in skin texture, including roughness or unevenness.
• Ongoing Skin Problems: In some cases, acne may persist into adulthood, requiring long-term management.

Prevention of Acne 

Preventing acne or reducing its severity can be achieved through a combination of good skincare practices and lifestyle choices. Here are some tips for preventing acne:

• Regular Cleaning: To eliminate excessive oil, dirt, and makeup, wash your face twice daily with a mild, pH-balanced cleanser. As hard rubbing might irritate the skin, avoid it.
• Avoid Excessive Scrubbing: Be gentle with your skin. Avoid harsh scrubs, abrasive cleansing tools, and excessive rubbing, which can aggravate acne.
• Use "Non-Comedogenic" Products: To minimize the chance of clogged pores, use skincare and cosmetic items that are "non-comedogenic."
• Hydration: Drink lots of water to be well-nourished and keep your skin hydrated from the inside out.
• Stay Away From High-Glycemic Foods and Dairy Products: Prioritize a balanced diet full of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean meats while avoiding meals with a high glycemic index and those with excessive sugar content to encourage a healthy lifestyle. Some people discover that cutting back on these foods will help them control acne.
• Hands Off: Avoid touching your face, picking, or squeezing pimples, as it can worsen inflammation and lead to scarring.
• Regular Exercise: Physical exercise can help lower stress, which in some people can be a cause of acne. Make careful to wash your skin after working out to get rid of germs and perspiration.
• Stress Management: Practice stress-reduction techniques like yoga, meditation, or deep breathing exercises, as stress can exacerbate acne.
• Avoid Excessive Sun Exposure: Although little sun exposure might help acne momentarily, excessive sun exposure can harm the skin and make acne worse over time. Use a non-comedogenic sunscreen.
• Proper Sleep: To help your skin to regenerate, aim for 7-9 hours of good sleep each night.
• Medical Consultation: A dermatologist should be seen if your acne is severe or chronic. They can suggest the best courses of action for your skin type and condition, such as topical drugs, oral medications, or other therapies.

FAQs About Acne 

How do I remove acne?

Start by using a regular skincare regimen that involves gentle cleaning twice per day to get rid of extra oil and grime. To clear clogged pores, use over-the-counter topical treatments with benzoyl peroxide or salicylic acid as active components. Squeezing or plucking pimples can make them worse and leave scars, so refrain from doing so. Limit sugary and high-glycemic meals while continuing to eat a balanced diet that includes lots of fruits, vegetables, healthy grains, and lean meats. Utilize methods for reducing your stress, keeping yourself hydrated, and obtaining adequate sleep. Consult a dermatologist if your acne worsens or continues so they may provide you with specialized treatment choices, which may include prescription drugs or other therapies made just for you.

What foods prevent acne?

Antioxidant-rich diets (such fruits and vegetables), omega-3 fatty acids (found in fatty fish and flaxseeds), zinc (found in nuts and whole grains), and probiotics (found in yogurt and fermented foods) are a few foods that may help prevent acne. These vitamins and minerals can promote healthy skin generally and lessen inflammation, which may help to prevent acne outbreaks. For the greatest results, it's crucial to mix a balanced diet with good skincare techniques because everyone responds to nutrition differently.

What are the 7 types of acne?

There are several types of acne lesions, but the most common are generally classified into seven categories:

1. Whiteheads (Closed Comedones): Small, raised bumps with a white or flesh-colored top, occurring when hair follicles become clogged.
2. Blackheads (Open Comedones): Similar to whiteheads but open to the skin's surface, appearing as small dark or black spots due to oxidation of trapped material.
3. Papules: Small, red, or pink, raised bumps that don't contain pus, typically resulting from inflamed hair follicles.
4. Pustules: Pimples with a white or yellow center surrounded by red, inflamed skin, caused by infection and inflammation of the follicle.
5. Nodules: Large, solid, painful pimples forming deep within the skin due to severe inflammation.
6. Cysts: Large, pus-filled lesions, often painful and deep-seated, with the potential to cause scarring.
7. Macules: Flat, reddened spots or blemishes left behind after acne lesions have healed.

Are acne and pimples the same?

Although they are not the same thing, acne and pimples are related. The wide term "acne" refers to a variety of skin lesions, including pimples. Small, raised lumps on the skin that are frequently filled with pus, oil, or dead skin cells are known as pimples, a particular form of acne lesion. Contrarily, acne is a group of skin conditions that frequently co-occur on the skin and include whiteheads, blackheads, papules, pustules, nodules, and cysts. The name "acne" refers to a more general disorder including numerous sorts of skin imperfections, and while pimples are a typical and obvious sign of acne, their severity can vary greatly across individuals.

Why is my face so acne?

Several variables may affect whether you get acne on your face. One of the main causes is the sebaceous glands' excessive oil production, which can block hair follicles and result in acne. Acne can also be exacerbated by hormonal changes, notably those that occur during puberty, menstruation, pregnancy, or menopause. Additionally, genetics is important since having a family history of acne might increase your risk of developing it. Acne can also be made worse by other elements including a bad skincare regimen, the use of comedogenic (pore-clogging) products, stress, nutrition, and certain drugs. Your skincare regimen and lifestyle decisions can be customized to address the root causes of your acne and help you successfully manage and avoid outbreaks. Consult a dermatologist for expert advice if your acne is severe or chronic.

What kills acne bacteria?

Many acne remedies contain the common component benzoyl peroxide, which eliminates acne-causing bacteria. It functions by delivering oxygen into the blocked hair follicles, which makes it difficult for the Propionibacterium acnes bacteria, which causes acne, to flourish. By inhibiting the growth of new acne lesions, this antimicrobial effect also helps to decrease inflammation. In addition, some antibiotics—both topical and oral—can target and kill acne-causing bacteria, however, they are frequently saved for acne that is more severe due to worries about antibiotic resistance. It's crucial to follow the directions on these medications, and you should speak with a dermatologist or healthcare professional to find the best course of action for your particular acne situation.